macOS NVRAM

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Basic Information

NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory) stores boot-time and firmware-level configuration on Mac hardware. The most security-critical variables include:

On modern Macs, NVRAM variables are split between system variables (protected by Secure Boot) and non-system variables. Apple Silicon Macs use a Secure Storage Component (SSC) to cryptographically bind NVRAM state to the boot chain.

NVRAM Access from User Space

Reading NVRAM

# List all NVRAM variables
nvram -p

# Read a specific variable
nvram boot-args

# Export all NVRAM as XML plist
nvram -xp

# Read SIP configuration
nvram csr-active-config
csrutil status

Writing NVRAM

Writing NVRAM variables requires root privileges and, for system-critical variables (like csr-active-config), the process must have specific code-signing flags or entitlements:

# Set boot-args (requires root)
sudo nvram boot-args="debug=0x144 kcsuffix=development"

# Clear boot-args
sudo nvram -d boot-args

# Set a custom variable
sudo nvram MyCustomVar="persistence-value"

CS_NVRAM_UNRESTRICTED Flag

Binaries with the CS_NVRAM_UNRESTRICTED code-signing flag can modify NVRAM variables that are normally protected even from root.

Finding NVRAM-Unrestricted Binaries

# Check code signing flags for a binary
codesign -dvvv /usr/sbin/nvram 2>&1 | grep "flags="

Security Implications

Weakening SIP via NVRAM

If an attacker can write to NVRAM (either through a compromised NVRAM-unrestricted binary or by exploiting a vulnerability), they can modify csr-active-config to disable SIP protections on next boot:

# SIP configuration is a bitmask stored in NVRAM
# Each bit controls a different SIP protection:
#   Bit 0 (0x1):  Filesystem protection
#   Bit 1 (0x2):  Kext signing
#   Bit 2 (0x4):  Task-for-pid restriction
#   Bit 3 (0x8):  Unrestricted filesystem
#   Bit 4 (0x10): Apple Internal (debug)
#   Bit 5 (0x20): Unrestricted DTrace
#   Bit 6 (0x40): Unrestricted NVRAM
#   Bit 7 (0x80): Device configuration

# Current SIP configuration
nvram csr-active-config | xxd

# On older hardware, a compromised NVRAM-unrestricted binary could:
# nvram csr-active-config=%7f%00%00%00   # Disable most SIP protections

Warning

On modern Apple Silicon Macs, the Secure Boot chain validates NVRAM changes and prevents runtime SIP modification. csr-active-config changes only take effect through recoveryOS. However, on Intel Macs or systems with reduced security mode, NVRAM manipulation can still weaken SIP.

Enabling Kernel Debugging

# Enable kernel debug flags via boot-args
sudo nvram boot-args="debug=0x144"

# Common debug flags:
#   0x01  DB_HALT      — Wait for debugger at boot
#   0x04  DB_KPRT      — Send kernel printf to serial
#   0x40  DB_KERN_DUMP — Dump kernel core on NMI
#   0x100 DB_REBOOT_POST_PANIC — Reboot after panic

# Use development kernel
sudo nvram boot-args="kcsuffix=development"

Firmware Persistence

NVRAM modifications survive OS reinstallation — they persist at the firmware level. An attacker can write custom NVRAM variables that a persistence mechanism reads at boot:

# Write a persistence marker
nvram attacker-payload-config="base64_encoded_config_here"

# A startup script or LaunchDaemon could read this:
nvram attacker-payload-config 2>/dev/null && /path/to/payload

Caution

NVRAM persistence survives disk wipes and OS reinstalls. It requires PRAM/NVRAM reset (Command+Option+P+R on Intel Macs) or DFU restore (Apple Silicon) to clear.

AMFI Bypass

The amfi_get_out_of_my_way=1 boot argument disables Apple Mobile File Integrity, allowing unsigned code to execute:

# This requires NVRAM write access AND reduced security boot:
sudo nvram boot-args="amfi_get_out_of_my_way=1"

Real-World CVEs

Enumeration Script

#!/bin/bash
echo "=== NVRAM Security Audit ==="

# Current SIP status
echo -e "\n[*] SIP Status:"
csrutil status

# Current boot-args
echo -e "\n[*] Boot Arguments:"
nvram boot-args 2>/dev/null || echo "  (none set)"

# All NVRAM variables
echo -e "\n[*] All NVRAM Variables:"
nvram -p | grep -v "^$" | wc -l
echo "  variables total"

# Security-relevant variables
echo -e "\n[*] Security-Relevant Variables:"
for var in csr-active-config boot-args StartupMute SystemAudioVolume efi-boot-device; do
  echo "  $var: $(nvram "$var" 2>/dev/null || echo 'not set')"
done

# Check for custom (non-Apple) variables
echo -e "\n[*] Non-Standard Variables (potential persistence):"
nvram -p | grep -v "^$" | grep -vE "^(SystemAudioVolume|boot-args|csr-active-config|prev-lang|LocationServicesEnabled|fmm-mobileme-token|bluetoothInternalControllerAddress|bluetoothActiveControllerInfo|SystemAudioVolumeExtension|efi-)" | head -20

References

• Apple Platform Security Guide — Boot process
• Apple Security Updates — NVRAM-related CVEs
• Duo Labs — Apple T2 Security

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Support HackTricks

• Check the subscription plans!
• Join the 💬 Discord group, the telegram group, follow @hacktricks_live on X/Twitter, or check the LinkedIn page and YouTube channel.
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