Pata Picha & Mount

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Upataji

Daima pata kusoma tu na hash wakati unakopya. Hifadhi kifaa cha asili kikiwa kimezuiwa kuandika na fanya kazi tu kwenye nakala zilizothibitishwa.

DD

# Generate a raw, bit-by-bit image (no on-the-fly hashing)
dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img bs=4M status=progress conv=noerror,sync
# Verify integrity afterwards
sha256sum disk.img > disk.img.sha256

dc3dd / dcfldd

dc3dd ni tawi linaloendelea kudumishwa la dcfldd (DoD Computer Forensics Lab dd).

# Create an image and calculate multiple hashes at acquisition time
sudo dc3dd if=/dev/sdc of=/forensics/pc.img hash=sha256,sha1 hashlog=/forensics/pc.hashes log=/forensics/pc.log bs=1M

Guymager

Picha ya grafiki, yenye nyuzi nyingi inayounga mkono raw (dd), EWF (E01/EWFX) na AFF4 matokeo yenye uthibitisho wa sambamba. Inapatikana katika sehemu nyingi za Linux (apt install guymager).

# Start in GUI mode
sudo guymager
# Or acquire from CLI (since v0.9.5)
sudo guymager --simulate --input /dev/sdb --format EWF --hash sha256 --output /evidence/drive.e01

AFF4 (Advanced Forensics Format 4)

AFF4 ni muundo wa picha wa kisasa wa Google ulioandaliwa kwa ajili ya sana kubwa za ushahidi (sparse, resumable, cloud-native).

# Acquire to AFF4 using the reference tool
pipx install aff4imager
sudo aff4imager acquire /dev/nvme0n1 /evidence/nvme.aff4 --hash sha256

# Velociraptor can also acquire AFF4 images remotely
velociraptor --config server.yaml frontend collect --artifact Windows.Disk.Acquire --args device="\\.\\PhysicalDrive0" format=AFF4

FTK Imager (Windows & Linux)

Unaweza kupakua FTK Imager na kuunda raw, E01 au AFF4 picha:

ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 \
--description 'Laptop seizure 2025-07-22' --examiner 'AnalystName' --compress 6

EWF tools (libewf)

sudo ewfacquire /dev/sdb -u evidence -c 1 -d "Seizure 2025-07-22" -e 1 -X examiner --format encase6 --compression best

Imaging Cloud Disks

AWS – tengeneza forensic snapshot bila kuzima mfano:

aws ec2 create-snapshot --volume-id vol-01234567 --description "IR-case-1234 web-server 2025-07-22"
# Copy the snapshot to S3 and download with aws cli / aws snowball

Azure – tumia az snapshot create na uhamasisha kwa URL ya SAS.

Mount

Kuchagua njia sahihi

  1. Mount disk nzima unapohitaji jedwali la awali la sehemu (MBR/GPT).
  2. Mount faili ya sehemu moja unapohitaji kiasi kimoja tu.
  3. Daima mount kusoma tu (-o ro,norecovery) na fanya kazi kwenye nakala.

Picha za Raw (dd, AFF4-extracted)

# Identify partitions
fdisk -l disk.img

# Attach the image to a network block device (does not modify the file)
sudo modprobe nbd max_part=16
sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd0 --read-only disk.img

# Inspect partitions
lsblk /dev/nbd0 -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,FSTYPE,LABEL,UUID

# Mount a partition (e.g. /dev/nbd0p2)
sudo mount -o ro,uid=$(id -u) /dev/nbd0p2 /mnt

Kata wakati umemaliza:

sudo umount /mnt && sudo qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0

EWF (E01/EWFX)

# 1. Mount the EWF container
mkdir /mnt/ewf
ewfmount evidence.E01 /mnt/ewf

# 2. Attach the exposed raw file via qemu-nbd (safer than loop)
sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd1 --read-only /mnt/ewf/ewf1

# 3. Mount the desired partition
sudo mount -o ro,norecovery /dev/nbd1p1 /mnt/evidence

Kwa upande mwingine, badilisha papo hapo kwa kutumia xmount:

xmount --in ewf evidence.E01 --out raw /tmp/raw_mount
mount -o ro /tmp/raw_mount/image.dd /mnt

LVM / BitLocker / VeraCrypt volumes

Baada ya kuunganisha kifaa cha block (loop au nbd):

# LVM
sudo vgchange -ay               # activate logical volumes
sudo lvscan | grep "/dev/nbd0"

# BitLocker (dislocker)
sudo dislocker -V /dev/nbd0p3 -u -- /mnt/bitlocker
sudo mount -o ro /mnt/bitlocker/dislocker-file /mnt/evidence

kpartx helpers

kpartx inachora sehemu kutoka picha hadi /dev/mapper/ kiotomatiki:

sudo kpartx -av disk.img  # creates /dev/mapper/loop0p1, loop0p2 …
mount -o ro /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt

Makosa ya kawaida ya kuunganisha & marekebisho

KosaSababu ya KawaidaMarekebisho
cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-onlyFS iliyorekodiwa (ext4) haijafungwa kwa usahihitumia -o ro,norecovery
bad superblock …Offset mbaya au FS iliyoharibikahesabu offset (sector*size) au endesha fsck -n kwenye nakala
mount: unknown filesystem type 'LVM2_member'Kontena la LVMaktivisha kundi la kiasi kwa vgchange -ay

Safisha

Kumbuka umount na disconnect vifaa vya loop/nbd ili kuepuka kuacha ramani zisizofanya kazi ambazo zinaweza kuharibu kazi zaidi:

umount -Rl /mnt/evidence
kpartx -dv /dev/loop0  # or qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0

Marejeo

  • Tangazo la chombo cha picha za AFF4 & spesifikesheni: https://github.com/aff4/aff4
  • Ukurasa wa mwongozo wa qemu-nbd (kuweka picha za diski kwa usalama): https://manpages.debian.org/qemu-system-common/qemu-nbd.1.en.html

Tip

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